With the deepening of people's research on the physiological functions of lactic acid bacteria, most studies have shown that lactic acid bacteria can improve gastrointestinal function, improve immunity, and improve the body's nutritional status. Among them, special functions such as improving nutrition and immune function have been widely used in food and medicine. Lactic acid bacteria bacteriolysis improves the immunity of cattle, improves feed utilization, strengthens milk health functions, prolongs shelf life of meat, etc., and has been used in animal husbandry. Lactic acid bacterium (LAB) is a generic term for a group of Gram-positive bacteria that produce large amounts of lactic acid from fermentable carbohydrates. There are 44 species of Lactobacillus, together with 51 species of subspecies, Gram-positive, spore-free, slender, curved bacilli. There are 9 genera: 5 of them are spherical, such as lactococcus, vagococcus, streptococcus, leuconostoc, and pedicoccus; four species are rod-shaped , such as caronobacterium, lactobacillus, bifidobactrium and sporolactobacillus. These bacteria are closely related to lactic acid fermentation, among which there are more people studying Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium. Lactic acid bacteria can exert many physiological functions in animals. A large number of research data show that lactic acid bacteria can regulate the normal flora of the gastrointestinal tract, maintain microecological balance, thereby improving gastrointestinal function; improve food digestibility and biological potency; reduce serum cholesterol, control endotoxin; inhibit the growth of spoilage bacteria in the intestinal tract ; Improve the body immunity and so on. The organic acids, special enzyme systems, and bacterial surface components produced by fermentation of lactic acid bacteria have physiological functions (Zheng Jian 2002), which can stimulate tissue development, and contribute to the body's nutritional status, physiological functions, cell infection, drug effects, toxicity, and immunity. Reactions, tumorigenesis, aging processes and stress reactions play a role. In short, the physiological functions of lactic acid bacteria are closely related to the life activities of the organism. Lactic acid bacteria are the bacteria in the intestine. After taking lactic acid bacteria, livestock and poultry can change the intestinal environment, inhibit the proliferation of harmful bacteria, and adjust the balance of gastrointestinal flora. Lactic acid bacteria bind tightly to intestinal mucosal cells by adhesins and colonize the intestinal mucosa to become a major part of the physiological barrier, thereby restoring the host's resistance, repairing the intestinal flora barrier, and curing intestinal diseases. If this barrier is damaged by antibiotics or other factors, the host loses its resistance to foreign bacteria, and the resistant intestinal bacteria will proliferate abnormally instead of the dominant bacteria, resulting in an imbalance of the microecological balance in the gut. 2.2 Improve immunity Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium on the one hand can significantly activate the phagocytosis of macrophages. On the other hand, it can be equivalent to natural autoimmunization because it can colonize the intestine. They can also stimulate peritoneal macrophages, induce interferons, promote cell division, produce antibodies, and promote cellular immunity, so they can enhance the body's non-specific and specific immune responses and improve the body's resistance to disease. Pergidon et al. (1988) reported that after oral administration of lactic acid bacteria, there was a significant activation and promotion effect on macrophage β-galactosidase activity, phagocytic activity of macrophages, and the like. When foreign matter invades the body, immune cells are activated by lactic acid bacteria, which enhances the body's role in producing antibodies to foreign bodies. Chandra (1984) believes that the reason why lactic acid bacteria stimulate the body to produce antibodies is that cells stimulate lymphocytes through lymph nodes, mucous membranes, and M cells. Stimulated lymphocytes then circulate through the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) into the bloodstream. And distributed throughout the body to regulate the body's immune response. 2.3 Antibacterial effect In addition, bifidobacteria and the like can also decompose the bound cholic acid into free cholic acid, which has a stronger inhibitory effect on bacteria than the former. Gilliland et al. (1985) demonstrated that L. acidophilus had an assimilation effect on cholesterol; Rasic (1993) also had the same results; Klaver et al. (1993) showed that lactic acid bacteria have a co-precipitation effect on cholesterol when pH is lower than 6.0. Due to the increased bile salt conjugate activity of lactic acid bacteria, cholesterol and bile salts form a precipitate, which reduces the cholesterol content in the medium. Bao Huiyan et al. (2003) showed that both streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus bulgaricus can reduce cholesterol in egg milk by about 10%, and that Streptococcus thermophilus is slightly more cholesterol-reducing than Lactobacillus bulgaricus. 2.4.2 Improve blood lipids Lactic acid bacteria can reduce triglycerides and increase HDL while reducing cholesterol in the body, so as to achieve the purpose of improving blood lipids (Zheng Jian 2002). At present, the study on the effect of lactic acid bacteria on blood lipids is not very mature, but a large number of animal experiments have shown that the organic acids produced by the fermentation of lactic acid bacteria preparations, special enzyme systems, components on the surface of bacteria, and the metabolism of lactic acid in the body can improve blood lipids. Nasumi (1999) believes that acetate, propionate, and lactate in organic acids can regulate the metabolism of fats, and reduce plasma TC (total cholesterol) and LDL (triglycerides), raising HDL A certain role. 2.4.3 Anti-tumor effect Some enzymes secreted by some bacteria in the intestinal tract, such as β-glucosidase, β-glucuronidase, nitroreductase, azoreductase, 7α-dehydroxylase, etc., can cause precarcinogenesis in the intestine. Carcinogens are converted into carcinogens. Lactic acid bacteria in the gut bacteria (including lactic acid bacteria added to the intestine) can inhibit the activity of these bacterial enzymes by adjusting intestinal flora to reduce the risk of tumor development. Lactobacillus anticancer mechanism may be that some of the metabolites of lactic acid bacteria can promote gastrointestinal motility, shorten the time for carcinogens to stay in the intestine, reduce the contact of carcinogens with epithelial cells, or catabolize the metabolites of lactic acid bacteria in the intestine. It forms an environment that is not conducive to the action of these bacterial enzymes, inhibits their activity, and blocks the conversion of precarcinogens in the intestine to carcinogens. Lactic acid bacteria having anti-tumor effects in the intestine are listed in Table 1. 3 Lactic acid bacteria in animal husbandry 3.1 Effect of Lactobacillus Inoculation on Silage Quality Different studies or inoculation of different types of lactic acid bacteria have different results. Common inoculation with the same type of lactic acid bacteria (eg, Pediococcus acidi, pediococcus acidilactid; Lactobacillus plantarum, lactobacillus plantarum; Lactobacillus casei, lactobacillus casei; Streptococcus faecium; Pediococcus pentosaceus) can reduce silage pH , increase the content of lactic acid, reduce the content of butyric acid (Xu Qingfang 2004; Tengerdy 1991; Phillip 1990; Nadeau 2000); inoculation of heterotype lactic acid bacteria (such as Lactobacillus, Latobacillus buchneri; Lactobacillus fermentum) will increase silage pH, Increase the production of acetic acid. 3.2 Supplemental feeding of lactic acid bacteria improves the performance of livestock and poultry Wang Huijuan et al. (1998) added 0.05%, 0.1%, and 0.5% lactic acid bacteria to chicks drinking water. It was found that three concentrations of lactic acid bacteria can improve the survival rate and daily weight gain of chicks, and the best effect is to add 0.1%. Sun Ning (2004) added lactic acid bacteria to the diets of pre-weaning and post-weaning puppies. The experimental results showed that the addition of lactic acid bacteria to the diet had no significant effect on the weight of pre-weaning puppies, but the puppies' weight increased significantly after weaning and can be significant. Improve feed utilization. 3.3 Effect of Lactobacillus Fermentation on Health Function of Dairy Products The lactic acid bacteria milk fermented by adding active lactic acid bacteria to milk contains all the nutrients of fresh milk and is a new generation of improved milk products. The fermented lactic acid bacteria cheese protein and milk fat are converted into small molecules that are more easily absorbed by the body, such as short peptides, amino acids and low-molecular free lipids (Dai Bisheng et al. 2002). The rich lactose in milk has been decomposed into lactic acid. Lactic acid is combined with calcium to form calcium lactate. It is easily absorbed by the body and can also be used by people with lactose intolerance. Lactobacillus milk can promote the secretion of gastric juice, promote digestion, have maintenance functions on the stomach, and can inhibit the growth of spoilage bacteria in the intestinal tract. Its biological health care value is much higher than that of milk. 3.4 Effect of Lactic Acid Bacteria on Meat Storage In order to prolong the shelf life of meat, the most effective method is to refrigerate, but under the condition of refrigerating, monocytic cells such as Listeria monocytogenes, Pseudomonas and other psychrophilic bacteria can still grow and cause disease and corruption of refrigerated foods. . Vacuum packaging, modified atmosphere packaging and other methods are also conducive to the growth of Clostridium botulinum and other pathogens. Therefore, the current concern is biological preservation, that is, the use of natural or human-controlled microorganisms and the antibacterial substances they produce to extend the shelf life of meat and improve food safety. The results of Leroi F et al. (1996) showed that the preservation of meat products with lactic acid bacteria fermentation broth can inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria and spoilage bacteria in meat products, preserve flavor substances, do not change the state of food tissues, and under normal cooling storage conditions. Does not affect the sensory characteristics of foods. Ma Lizhen et al. (2004) conducted a study on the preservation and cooling of pork by lactic acid bacteria fermentation broth. The results showed that the lactic acid bacteria fermentation broth had significant inhibitory effects on pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus and fecal coliform bacteria in pork, while the psychrophilic bacteria Such as Pseudomonas, Enterobacteriaceae and other inhibitory effect is not obvious. The treatment of cooled pork with lactic acid bacteria fermentation broth does not affect the sensory characteristics of the product. Except that the biogenic amine content of the product at the end of the storage period is high, the rest is at a low level. In conclusion, the application of lactic acid bacteria and their fermentation products in animal husbandry can increase the weight gain and survival rate of livestock and poultry, improve the quality of silage, extend the shelf life of meat, and produce functional milk, which can prevent diseases, treat diseases, and strengthen the body. The efficacy of immunity can also improve the quality of feed and increase the utilization of feed for livestock and poultry. As an additive, compared with traditional antibiotics and chemical drugs, it has the advantages of no pollution, safety and high efficiency.
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1 Definition of lactic acid bacteria
2 The physiological function of lactic acid bacteria
2.1 Improve gastrointestinal function
Research data show that (Zhao Hongxia 2003), lactic acid bacteria have a good inhibitory effect on some spoilage bacteria and low temperature bacteria. It can be used to prevent diarrhea, diarrhea, enteritis, constipation and various diseases caused by intestinal disorders and skin inflammation. The antibacterial mechanism is mainly manifested in the following aspects: (1) The produced organic acids such as lactic acid can significantly reduce the pH value of the environment and the Eh (redox potential) value, and make the intestine in an acidic environment. For pathogenic bacteria such as Shigella and Salmonella typhi , Paratyphoid bacillus, Campylobacter, Staphylococcus, etc. have antagonistic effects; 2 produced hydrogen peroxide can activate the catalase-thiocyanate system in milk, inhibit and kill gram-negative bacteria, catalase Positive bacteria such as Pseudomonas, Escherichia coli, Salmonella, etc.; 3 produce bacteriocin-like fine proteins or peptides, such as various lactobacillus and bifibromycin, against Staphylococci, Clostridium, and Salmonella and Shigella have antagonistic effects.
2.4 Improve Nutrition and Health Status
2.4.1 Lower Cholesterol
People have extensively studied the effect of lactic acid bacteria in lowering cholesterol and its mechanism, suggesting that there are anti-cholesterol factors in the lactic acid bacteria components or in vitro metabolites. Among the special enzyme strains produced by lactic acid bacteria, there are cholesterol-reducing enzyme systems that may inhibit hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMGCoA) reductase (rate-limiting enzyme for cholesterol synthesis) in the body, thereby suppressing cholesterol synthesis. Because lactic acid bacteria can adhere to and colonize the intestinal mucosa, it can significantly reduce the intestinal absorption of cholesterol. Lactobacillus can absorb some of the cholesterol and convert it into cholate to be excreted from the body.
Lactobacillus milk contains highly active lactic acid bacteria, and its metabolites can intervene in the function of enterohepatic circulation in the human body, thereby reducing the absorption of fat. Especially for women, drinking lactic acid bacteria milk can reduce the incidence of breast cancer. Lactic acid bacteria milk can increase appetite, promote gastric secretion, enhance gastrointestinal digestive function, promote gastrointestinal motility, and thus can prevent old habitual constipation, infant indigestion, infant diarrhea and other illnesses.
4 Conclusion