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(1) Growth stage of alfalfa: According to the different fertilizer needs of each growth stage of alfalfa, the life cycle of alfalfa is divided into three stages:
1 Juvenile stage: The first two years after the planting of Cockroaches, that is, before entering the early fruit stage, is defined as the juvenile stage. In this stage, the juvenile tree can be plucked in spring, summer, autumn and winter, and it is mainly vegetatively grown, and the amount of foliage and roots can be increased rapidly. It is characterized by a small amount of roots and a small range, so it is necessary to apply thin fertilizers. Usually 5-8 times a year fertilization, gradually shifting the location of fertilization; nitrogen fertilizer, followed by a small amount of phosphate and potassium fertilizer; promote shoot fertilizer before the shoot, half a month later when the new shoot leaves , and then once again shoot fertilizer.
2 Initial stage of the result: A well-developed eucalyptus tree is the result of the third to fifth years after planting. At this stage, the eucalyptus trees continued to undergo intensive vegetative growth, expanding the canopy, and at the same time began flower bud differentiation. As a result of flowering, the growth of the root system was also perfected. The characteristic of mineral nutrition supplement is that the frequency of fertilization can be reduced, but the amount of fertilization should be increased, 3-4 times a year should be applied; and the proportion of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium should be adjusted, and the application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer should be increased to promote flowering results.
3 Results of the stage: The banyan tree crown is close to the seal and the yield is basically stable. During this period, the growth rate of eucalyptus crowns has gradually slowed down, the tree shape has been formed, and the vegetative growth of the tree is mainly the result. The characteristics of mineral nutrient supplements are based on moderate vegetative growth and the proportion of results, maintaining yield and quality; in accordance with the results of wolfberry nutrition (results) characteristics, adjust the type of fertilizer, fertilization amount and ratio, such as the appropriate application of potassium fertilizer ( High potassium demand).
4 Aging stage: After 20-30 years of eucalyptus, the tree vigor weakens and gradually ages. If it is poorly managed, its aging will advance. At this stage, the growth of litchi shoots was weak, and the inner ridges were empty and the yield was reduced. Commonly used in the production of heavy shear update method to promote shoot growth, restore tree vigor. The characteristics of mineral nutrient supplements are that with the application of newer cultivation techniques, the growth of leaves and roots is restored and the organs are built, and a large amount of nutrients are needed. Therefore, it should be combined with soil improvement, increase the amount of fertilizer, and apply nitrogen fertilizer-based quick-effect fertilizer.
(2) Nutrition diagnosis technology: The nutrient diagnosis of pod fruit tree is through the observation of appearance, soil analysis, plant analysis or other physiological and biochemical indicators, objectively analyzing and judging the nutritional status of the plant to guide the fertilization, or improve other management Measures. In the diagnosis of nutrition, it is best to use multiple methods at the same time to ensure the accuracy of the diagnosis.
The nutritional diagnosis of sputum is diagnosed from the critical value of a single element and developed into a comprehensive diagnosis. At present, the standard technology for nutrient diagnosis of fruit trees is the critical range method using single elements. However, there are still many practical difficulties in applying the critical range method to guide fertilization. The reason is that the content of elements in the leaf (or petiole) is affected by many factors, such as tree species, leaf age and leaf position, soil moisture status, and agricultural cultivation management measures. The nutrient balance diagnostic method (DRIS) established by Beaufils and Sumner can diagnose the order of nutrient elements needed by fruit trees, and the diagnosis results are affected by the factors such as the variety and type of fruit trees and the location of the leaves. The diagnostic accuracy is also higher than the critical range method. This method of comprehensive diagnosis, although it is not yet entirely possible to determine the amount of fertilizer based on the diagnostic results, it can tell people what fertilizers need to be added. Combined with the use of the critical value method and the fertilizer effect equation, the amount of fertilizer can be determined. Since the advent of the self-nutrient balancing diagnostic method, it has been applied to a variety of fruit trees such as citrus and pineapple, and has accumulated a large amount of information. Therefore, it is necessary to propose a computer language for standardized treatment and index calculation for the data required for the nutrient balance diagnostic method in order to make better judgments.
The current commonly used fruit tree (plant) nutritional diagnostic techniques are:
1 shape diagnosis: that is, symptom diagnosis, growth and appearance diagnosis. This is a good way to understand the nutritional status of the plant in a short period of time. Different elements, their physiological functions and their mobility in the gills are different, and the appearance of symptoms and sites also have a certain degree of regularity. Therefore, the nutritional status of quail can be judged by observing and analyzing the appearance characteristics and changes.
However, shape diagnosis is usually only effective if the plant only lacks one nutrient element. If there is a lack of two or more nutrients at the same time or there are symptoms caused by non-nutritional factors (such as diseases, insect pests, or phytotoxicity), it is easy to confuse and cause misdiagnosis. In addition, when some plants suffer from malnutrition, it indicates that the malnutrition of the plants is quite serious. If measures are taken at this time, it is often too late. Despite this, because the method is simple and easy, no instrument testing is required, and thus it is still a common method for field diagnosis.
2 Soil analysis and diagnosis: This is a method to understand the dynamic changes of nutrients that can be absorbed by earthworms and the levels of fertilizer supply at a certain period in the soil, and based on this, a method for determining the abundance of soil nutrients. The role of soil diagnosis is firstly to confirm the nutritional diagnosis of the plant; secondly, the plant's appearance diagnosis and plant analysis can only show the nutritional status of the plant, but cannot predict that when the actual nutritional imbalance is adjusted, it may happen again. What is the limiting factor, but soil diagnosis can give some hints and clues; again, it can help people find the cause of plant malnutrition.
Whether or not nutrients in soil can be absorbed by earthworms, in addition to factors such as soil types, total nutrient content in the soil, and cation exchange capacity, as well as factors that use soil nutrients, such as species, soil temperature, soil Factors such as moisture, soil aeration, soil pH, and interactions between elements also affect the supply of nutrients in the soil and the absorption of nutrients by earthworms. These subtle relationships make unilateral soil analysis standards difficult to directly and accurately reflect the status of earthworms' absorption and utilization of nutrients. Therefore, soil analysis should be combined with other analytical and diagnostic methods to accurately diagnose the nutritional status of turtles and formulate rational fertilization schemes.
3 Nutritional diagnosis of plants: Different fruit trees, such as alfalfa, differ from field crops in that their nutrient levels in the year were affected by the initial storage of nutrients in the tree, in addition to the effects of soil supply. Therefore, the determination of soil nutrients only does not fully reflect the nutrient status of the tree, and it must be directly based on the nutrient levels of the tree itself as the basis for the nutritional diagnosis. The nutrients in the plant body should be controlled within the optimal concentration range, ie the effective area. This range is slightly higher than the optimum concentration to ensure adequate supply of nutrients, not to reduce production, and should be based on this, put forward the diagnostic indicators of plant nutrients.
4 Physiological and biochemical diagnosis: When some nutrients in the fruit tree are out of tune, it will affect the speed and direction of some physiological and biochemical processes in the body and cause changes in enzyme activity in the body. Through the analysis of the increase or decrease of the activity of peroxidase, carbonic anhydrase, nitrate reductase and acid phosphatase, the content of nutrient elements in the tree is known, so that the type and amount of applied fertilizer can be determined.
Nutritional diagnosis and formula fertilization for earthworms
Formula fertilization is the result of comprehensive application of modern agricultural science and technology. There is less research on formula fertilization in perennial fruit trees and application is also late. For formula fertilization, it is necessary to understand the nutritional characteristics of alfalfa at various stages of growth and development, and to use modern mineral analysis and diagnostic techniques to determine the current status of mineral nutrients at all stages of growth and development (demand for fertilizer, soil fertility, and fertilizer effects). The appropriate amounts and proportions of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and trace elements, etc., adopt scientific and reasonable fertilization techniques to provide and supplement corresponding mineral nutrients.