Name watermelon high quality and high yield cultivation techniques

Type of facility Other facilities

Key words watermelon, high quality and high yield cultivation

Fruit classification watermelon

Nursery

Xuancheng Xuanzhou watermelon industry is developing at a rapid rate. The watermelon planting area in the whole region reaches 730 hectares. The Xuancheng Xuanban Watermelon Specialty Cooperative adopts the industrialization model of cooperatives + bases + farmer households to adopt unified supply of agricultural resources and uniform technical standards. , unified product certification, unified guidance services, unified sales approach to achieve large-scale, conservation operations, enhance market competitiveness and improve the farmers' economic benefits. At present, there are 317 members in the society. In 2013, the sales revenue was 13.618 million yuan and the gain was 0.4567 million yuan. In 2014, the watermelon planting area of ​​the cooperative reached 100 hectares, which led to the planting of 400 hectares of more than 1300 farmers around the surrounding area. The watermelon high quality and high yield cultivation techniques are summarized below.

1. Variety and field selection

Should be based on local market demand, climate characteristics, production and marketing patterns, consumption habits, selection of high quality, disease resistance, easy to set fruit, high yield, good crack resistance, shelf life of watermelon varieties. Precocious melon should choose middle and small fruit varieties with a growth period of less than 90 days, low temperature and low light, suitable for protected cultivation; Mid ripe melon should choose middle and large fruit varieties with a reproductive period of 95 days or so; Period of about 90 days, more resistant to high temperature and drought, late fruit enlargement faster medium and small fruit varieties. It is advisable to choose sandy loam with deep soil, loose and fertile soil, convenient drainage and irrigation, and cultivated within 5 years of dry land and no melon crops within 3 years of paddy field.

2. Soil fertigation

Before the winter, the melon field ploughed the frozen earthworms and timely soil preparation before transplanting. Yutian Sangou matching facilities, so that the rain only dry, flat soil flat. Basal fertilizer is dominated by high-quality organic fertilizer and cake fertilizer, supplemented by inorganic fertilizer, and generally accounts for 60% to 70% of the total amount of fertilizer. Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium must be used in a reasonable manner. Micronutrient fertilizer should be applied or sprayed according to the conditions of the deficiency. The amount of fertilization depends on the soil fertility and cultivated varieties. The general medium fertility field is combined with 8.0 to 4,000 kg of rotten organic fertilizer, 60 to 80 kg of 45% thiosulfate or potassium sulfate controlled release fertilizer per 667 square meters. Do not apply chlorine fertilizer. Small fruit watermelon and grafted watermelon can be applied with less 20% fertilizer. Planted with sorghum, width 4 to 4.5 meters, and narrow to 2.0 to 2.5 meters. The wide beak can be planted on both sides of the beak, and the gourd can be crawled on both sides. It can also be climbed on both sides in the middle. The narrow beak can be climbed on one side.

3. Cultivation of strong seedlings

(1) Seed soaking

The seeds were sunned for 2 days before sowing, and then the seeds were disinfected. Soaking in warm water at 55°C, stirring for about 30 minutes while soaking, and soaking for 2 hours after cooling. The agent treatment is usually soaked in formalin 100 times for 30 minutes, or soaked in 50% carbendazim 500 times for 1 hour, rinsed with water and soaked for 3 to 4 hours. The treated seeds were washed, germinated at a high temperature of 40° C. for 6 hours, germinated at a constant temperature of 33° C., and germinated when the radicle length was 0.5 cm.

(2) Prepare the seedbed

Should choose to leeward sunny, high dry terrain, convenient management of the building of seedbeds. Watermelon seedlings in early spring should be carried out in greenhouses or in greenhouses. They can be laid with electric lines to increase the soil temperature, and small sheds can be placed on seedbeds. After the fall of the watermelon seedlings, a sunshade should be built and protected from heavy rain. The nutrient soil is required to be loose, free of pests and diseases, and nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizers are applied in proportion, which is slightly sticky. 6 parts of paddy topsoil, 3 parts of decomposed manure and 1 part of plant ash can be uniformly mixed, and 5 kg of decomposed chicken, duck and manure can be added per cubic meter of soil. The soil and fertilizer should be smashed and sifted, kept in granular form, and then mixed with adequate amount of water and mixed for 1 to 2 months before sowing. The use of nutritious seedling nursery, cornice diameter of 6 to 8 cm, made of waste newspapers, each large newspaper to do 10 paper baskets, plastic can also be used, muddy. The nutritious soil is loaded into the nutrient bowl, and is 1 to 2 cm from the rind, neatly arranged in the seedbed.

(3) sowing

Early-maturing watermelons were sown in mid-December to late March of last year, medium ripe watermelons were sown in April-June, and watermelons were sowed in late-July and late autumn. On the afternoon of the day before sowing, the nutrition bowl was poured with water. When sowing, put the seeds with buds in the nutrient bowl, one for each pot, cover the soil with a thickness of 1 cm, and cover the film.

(4) Seedling management

1 temperature management

After sowing, the daytime temperature in the bed should be controlled at 28～35°C and nighttime at 20～25°C; after 80% seed germination, keep it at 20～25°C during the day and 15～18°C at night; after the first true leaf appears, Keep 25-28°C during the day. One week before transplanting, the seedlings began to grow.

2 Moisture Management

Before the exhumation, watering is generally not required; watering of the cotyledon stage should be controlled, and the ground should be kept dry and wet to ensure the preservation of lotus roots; after the leaves are displayed, the amount of watering can be increased. Should be watered in the sunny morning, after loosening the topsoil after watering, cloudy water should not be. In addition, pay attention to the removal of membrane ventilation to prevent high temperature and humidity. In the late autumn, the watermelon is hot and dry at the seedling stage, and attention should be paid to the water supply.

Planting and field management

1. Colonization

Precocious watermelon seedling age about 1 month, grow 2 to 3 true leaves can be planted. Medium ripe watermelon seedling age 20 to 25 days, late ripening watermelon seedling age 7 to 10 days can be planted. Two rows of broadleaf plants are planted and one row of narrow plants is planted. The small fruit type watermelon shed stands upright and is cultivated with 1500-1800 plants per 667 square meters; climbing style cultivation, using three or four vine pruning, colonization of 600-750 plants per 667 square meters. Medium and large watermelons are generally planted with 650-700 plants per 667 square meters, and grafted seedless watermelons are planted at 300-400 plants per 667 square meters. The planting hole was excavated according to the distance between the rows, and the nutrition bowl was placed into the planting hole in the same direction as the cotyledon and the axillary direction, and the depth was flush with the surface of the planting surface. The seedling hole was filled with fine soil and the root water was poured with human and animal fertilizers and medicaments. Transplanting the side cover film, the film width is not narrower than 80 cm, the cover film to achieve a smooth surface, the film and the surface close tightly, all around the sealed, broken membrane with a fine soil sealed.

2. Field management

(1) Pruning

Generally used three vine pruning method. In the main vine leaves from the 8th to the 9th leaves, the main vines and two robust side vines were selected, and the rest of the vines and all the vines were removed. Pruning should not be carried out on rainy days to prevent transmission of diseases. When the vine grows to about 50 centimeters, combined with pruning the soil with vines, after the interval of 3 to 4 knots and then pressure 1 time, each vine pressure a total of 2 or 3 times, the vines spread evenly.

(2) sitting melon

Should be selected to stay on the vines on the first 2, 3 female flowers or side vines 1 and 2 female flowers sitting melon. In order to ensure that the melons are seated on the appropriate nodes, in the event of low temperatures or rainy weather, artificial pollination should be used to facilitate flowering and fruit protection. After the melon has settled, the entire ground is patted on the ground below the baby squash and made into a ramp shape. Then the young melon is placed along the slope, and the young melon and the vine are placed in a straight line. When the fruit is fully grown up, it should be promptly rolled. Turn melons in one direction, turning about 1/3 each time.

(3) Dressing

When the young larvae grow to the size of the egg, depending on the growth of the plant, the swelled melon fertilizer is applied. Usually, 45% nitrosulfide or potassium sulphate controlled-release fertilizer is applied at 15 to 20 kg per 667 m2.

(4) Water Management

Seedling stage should be as little as possible watering, or even watering, to promote the development of seedlings into a well-developed root system; flowering and controlling fruit before flowering to prevent madness; after fruiting, should ensure adequate water supply to facilitate fruit enlargement and increase weight. 7 to 10 days before harvesting should not be watered, so that the fruit accumulates sugar. In the absence of water, irrigation should be performed at low and early nights. Take furrow irrigation and seepage, that is, irrigation in the trench, until the moisture penetrates into the ridge, immediately drain the remaining water in the trench. Irrigation and draining of water in the field immediately after the rain may cause rotten roots.

3. Harvest

Harvesting should take place in the morning. Long-distance transport or storage may be harvested at the maturity of eight; suburban sales on the same day may be harvested at nine maturity, and must not be listed on the market. Generally, early maturing varieties were harvested about 30 days after pollination, about 35 days of medium ripening, and about 40 days of late ripening. The speed of fruit maturation is affected by temperature, light intensity and time. It is best to date the pollination. It is expected that the fruit will be cut open after ripening, and the sugar will be measured and tasted. After confirming maturity, the fruit will be harvested in batches according to the mark.

Pest Control

The main diseases of watermelon are damping-off, anthracnose, blight, wilt, virus disease, and powdery mildew. The insect pests mainly include flies, leafhoppers, melons, and Americans.

(1) Agricultural control

1 selection of disease-resistant varieties; crop rotation; grafting. Grafting and root replacement is the most effective method to control watermelon wilt disease, and it can be used as a rootstock grafted watermelon in gourd crops with high resistance to blight, such as gourd or new soil.

2 Seed, nutrient soil and soil disinfection. Seed disinfection can be soaked seed soup and chemical treatment method; nutrient soil disinfection can be used 40% formalin 200 ~ 300 ml water 100 kg, evenly sprinkled on 1000 kg bed soil, and then covered with film fumigation 2 to 3 days; soil disinfection It can be used to deep-freeze the sun, freeze the cold, high temperature stuffy shed.

(2) Chemical control

1 damping-off disease: can be sprayed with 66.5% Prokary water 1000 ~ 1500 times liquid control;

2 Fusarium wilt: 50% carbendazim WP, 500 times solution or 70% thiophanate-methyl 1000 times solution can be used to irrigate the roots once, and each time 250 mL of irrigating solution;

3 Broom disease: Spray 70% thiophanate-methyl 800 times to control;

4 Powdery mildew: can be sprayed with 10% Shigao water-soluble powder 1000 times liquid;

5 Insect pests: Spray 70% imidacloprid water dispersible granules 800 times or 1% abamectin EC 1000 times.

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